旧日的存档： when physics became king

    When Physics became king

Chapter 1 Queen of the sciences

Chapter 4 the science of showmanship
Electricity epitomizing the process
19th c

electricity and showmanship
electricity
Leyden jar elctric effluvium

genteel coffeehouse habituses

popoular lectureres John Desaguliers, Benjamin Martin

lighting rod by Benjamin commercial

Exhibition

Charles babage thought science / industrial arts were independent

Victorian public mind

Crystal Palace, great exhibition

many science men were aginst showmanship

Foundation of a new science: Luigi Galvani animal frog elec galvanism
Volta

Humphry Davy

Ritter in demonstraing unity of force

Oersted

Faraday induction to creat electricity from magnetisimi
He also discovered the identity of galvanic elc and magnetic elec a few years later
Volta^elctrometr to measure the quantity elc through air pumped in water
thought of elctricity as force other than fluid

Biot followed laplace
Ampere disagreed by showing that a current carryibng helix could be made to act like a magnet

English thought math was not too central for natural philosophy.
French though otherwise

THE TECH OF DISPLAY

electro-magnet invented by william sturgeon.
Wrapping a wire coil around a soft iron core

design of batteries

Sturgen rejected farada`s gas measurement
called for multiple means

Replicants
building a machine generating continuous current

ELC FOR SALE

electrometallurgy
electroplating electrotypoihng

electric telegraphy
Ohm found resistance,to which farady resisted
Wheatstone found ohm and other people to make telegraphy
Morse

SCIENCE ON SHOW
galeeries
payihng public to vitness invention and experiment halls
not for sell but advertised

げうぃｎ

Before big science

Chapter 3 the electromagnetic view of nature and a world of ether

1867 William Thompson published on vortex atoms firmly against newton/Lucretius.

Britain/Continental distinction.

German trend by neuman, Weber, Helmholtz
Maxwellian by Thompson, Maxwell, Stokes, J.J. Thomson, Fitzgerald, Lodge, Heaviside
ether fail

Faraday
Royal institution Friday Night
Christmas-season juvenile lecture
fixed measurable quantity of electricity flowing from a voltaic battery releases from water 1 gram of h2 and 8 grams of o2
Faraday did not like atoms, like Davy
1830s rotating of magnetic needle around a platinum wire current.
Curved lines, not straight Newtonian lines

1845 Faraday effect
he thought that either ether of medium of space must be filled with curves
can ve mapped with iron filings
just like lines of latitude and longitude
insulating substance dielectric
the wires conduct elec, not run it
if ether exists, what about light?
Faraday ,with a electrolysis, found a piece of lead glass when light transmitted alone the lines of magnetic force for a particular orientation of the magnetic poles.
Field
1849-1862, Fizeau Foucalut found that light transmits faster in air than in water
—proof for wave theory
Faraday discredited ether more,

The cambridge approach to faradays natural philosophy
William Thomson found maths equivalence of newton and faraday
that gained1 faraday priniciples mathsly respected 2 maths useful
analogy between electrostatics and heat
limited by Fouries fluid heat theory.
F = curl A 1846
ether, air-ehter, aer

Maxwell, electromagnetism and methodology in theoretical physicsUsed stokes theorem
imaginary fluid
, quantity of magnetism lines
intensity resisting power
E and H magnetism force
I and B magnetism flux

Maxwell concluded it to be a alternative to Weber:s particle theory
1867 predicted 2 phenomena: displacement current, electricity waves at speed of light

RIVALS AND REVISIONS
Helmholtz theory of electrical fluid
Maxwellian group: Lodge, Fitzgerald, Heaviside
Hertz’s crucial experiment

Radiant matter and etherial electron
Julius Plucker
mercury pump thoderays

William Crookes
Goldstein
Larmour electron
Lenard
Lorentz