旧日的存档：tokyo，a spatial anthropology

Chapter 1 High city

Topography, roadways, and landuse.
Edo castle stood at the tip of 武蔵野(musashiro) plateau, like Rome ,
7 hills: highlands of Ueno, 本郷、小石川目白、牛込うしごめ、四ッ谷麹町yotsuya-kojimachi、赤坂＿麻布、しバー白金shiba-shirogane.

Five valleys: Sendagi-shinobazu, Sashigaya, hirakawa, Tameiki, Furukawa.
3 areas:
shimosueyoshi下末吉 　slope　
Furukawa river
a road along the ridge and a road along the valley floor
3 Nakasendo along ridge of Hongo,l Kasuga Dori along Koishikawa uplands; Meijiro Dori, along the ridge of Meijiro
the ring road between Josai and Jonan.
Branch roads

a temple set up in high hills and peasants came
Otowa Azabu Higakubo

The city expands out of castle in two was

along the axes provided by ridge roads
enclave style, on protruding uplands or island-like hills around many scattered nuclei

Sacred spaces are important in creating public spaces.

The logic of place
segregation of stratum
360-foot square jobo unit
a rich natural setting
composite of urban morphologies

The lot as key word
narrow streets widened since Meiji.
3 steps:
1.Elucidate the urban context formed during the Edo period
2.Elucidate the mechanism by which modern elements were incorporated into context
3.Analyze the unique structure that emerged as result

“Mold” residentail types.

Function  transforming to cultural norm.
city :  combination of lot and neighborhood divisions with the road system and their direct relationship to the lay of land.
In japan: external place, garden inside the lot,

Daimyo establishments
high city with vast gardens were of enough space
no planned lot division
However, the planner read folds of landscape and cares the oriented direction.
In most cases, daimyo residences faced a high land ridge road, where the sloped lot created springs to make ponds.
?___ whenever possible, residential areas were located south of the ridge road, actual buildings on level high ground toward the northern section of the lot and the garden on the south facing slopes.

The only north-south ridge road: Nakasendo中山道), also called the Kisokaidō (木曾街道Runs through Hongo uplands.　
In Europeans, aristocrats participate in every aspect city life,  where social hierarchy embodied immediate. In Japan, commoners desired to set up house in busy streets, 
Edo: design for appearance--- new house build on outer skirt of busy streets by commoners.
Samurai: independent grand residences.
Japenese universities ivory towers, private space


2 conversions—1 Meiji period, to public services or Kyoto court nobles and high officials.

After ww2, military houses transformed.
Mosaic works

Hatamoto residences
Bancho, Kojimachi
centrifugal tendency towards nature

modern tokyo: lots divided, gates pulled down

Warrior Group Residence
Hatamoto/ Gokenin—lower rank warriors.
Raise vegetable for income
Yotsuya Ichigaya to the west, Koishikawa to the north-south
outskirts of Bahcho, level uplands and gentle slopes.
House:public/private seperated
gogokuji
Aoyama Azabu valley sites, roots can be found in Edo’s group residences.

18th c bakuhan system no clear planing slums

The commoner districts in the valleys

mi-Edo,1713 suburbans incoporated   curving valley roads, making use of narrow strips between roads and cliffs. Most lots less than commmon 20 ken.
Business carried on at the front family mad its home in the back.
Meiji quite same,but Taisho modernized
Azabu juban.

Conclusion

Chapter 2 The cosmology of a city of water

Tokyo, once a city of water, depicted by woodblock printers such as Hiroshige.
But over last two decades, canals were abandoned and became shadows behind the elevated highways.
Business grew with axes of canals and rivers.
A concept of water/green space different from modern.

The Edo water system
Between Musashimo and Shimofusa, water of Tonegawa and Arakawa formed a floodplain into Tokyo Bay.
Transportation, draining, dumping waste water, domestic and light industries.
Civil engineering:

Canals as a means of transportation
waterfront warehouses to prevent fire
waterfront commercials/ artisans.

Waterfronts and markets
Nihombashi market/ public space
here public hangings stabilize the apparatus of the power.
Kisarazu dock

Landmarks around the waterfront
In high city, steep ti or recesses
In low city, along bay or sumida river
business around shrines
temples and shrines jutted toward water’s edge, with broad expanse of water providing a backdrop. Set apart from the profane space of city streets, drawing passersby toward serenity.
Diametrically opposed to western style, where churches were imposed. And religion never became a social hub.
Shrines around periphery of Edo:
tent theaters set up with performance devoted

Amusement centers along the avenues
public square along Ryogoku Hirokoji. Square near the bridge opens out onto Sumida. Vista creating an overflowing sense of freedom. On the other, the space within the amusement area closes off the field of vision. Organized into small-scale units, it uses the congestion of human traffic to create an energy that seems to fill the entir district.
Lucid space.

This characteristics for :
Edobashi Hirokoji; Sujikai Yatsu Koji; Unemegahara. And others.

But in meiji, about `1873 government tore down houses and this is lost .

Urban Theatrical Space
theatre from lower strata of society
using temporary signs and equipment to create a festive atmosphere.
Social quarantine for actors.

Waterside Space along the Sumida river

Waterfront space in modern time
expanse of water/ tower create romantic atmosphere.
Ueno Shinobazu pool, water in public space
there were teahouses(love hotels)
a shrine to Benzaiten in imitation of Chikufujima at lake biwa

Asakusa's 6th district.

Yotsuya Araki-cho
1877 after, tent theaters, pleasure centers.
Shaped like bottom of a cone.'  houses of assignation leading of slopes.
Samisen from behind.

Shinjuku's Juniso
street of low restaurants in contrast with skyscrapers.

Industrial revolution around waterside.

early days, railway station built around water.
First genuine station plaze ,in front of manseibashi station, around Kandagawa.

Bank

Central post office Building.
Earthquake with a decline.

modern buildings.

Chapter 3 The Rhetoric of the Modern City

The urban sense of scale
edo: attend to surronding mountains in intimatacy.
western city: more on internal urban space
example:hiroshige’s surugacho

Urban planning:
ancient Jobo system; kyoto nara. First , of coordinating N-S,   E—W axle; second, of four gods.
Edo, the low city deviated widely. 

` Two canal systems:( Higashi-horidome, Nishi-horidome canals)‘s cutting gird in Hocho suggests that the first principle was to accommodate the lay of land.
Distant Vista: Mount Fuji shiomizaka- tide viewing hills.
Internal space: island by island. In edo, separated by wooden hills.
Streets in Edo not having the vista like Rome or Champs Elysees.
Micro-spaces that a certain degree of self-government.
Alley-ways; back streets, width of 10 feet, row houses, potted plants. Two-story houses
Strong community, safe, green, free of trash. Children’s playgrounds.
From Meiji
Close-up views within the city.
Deprived of distant close-up views , Tokyo turned into midrange vies, uniform and without complexity.

Mid meiji Rebuilding of tokyo
layers of boxshaped or curved streets replaced by new road system
wooden gates torn down

Privatization alleyization of the main streets

Underground streets ad neo-alleys
back street-main streets
IN Ginza, 55 alleys within 8 blocks to west of Showa Dori.
Main boulevard skyscrappers, spaces between them are threaded with alleyways. Bars, restaurants.

Omotesando in Harajuku,Shibuy’s Koen Dori.

Sky-line and tower shaped structures.
European centripetal city—- public space with towers(cathedrals, etc) with defined skyline.
Heaven god/ everywhere god/

Premodern with towers coming in tokyo
corner-lot

Intersections and corner-lot buildings.
Lack public plazas and squares.
Before Meiji no street crossed city diagonally
after earthquake of 1923, open spaces as crossroads came to be regarded as public squares that were an important componet of urban design

Public Buildings in traditional residential style
Edo
an organic and flexible system. Not subordinated to a totalizing logic
mosaic/ kaleidoscope
Paris went through Haussmann rebuilding into modern capital.
Tokyo it was little individual sects.
Even central parts were occupied by large residential lot.
Daimyo houses to public areas

In traditional Japanese: statly front entrances with Chines-style gables an expression of established social status
The monumental spatial organization of a building placed symmetrically at the end of a clear axial line extending from the gate for governmental buildings/ shrines.

Chapter 4: Modernism and its Urban Forms

1920s: age of civilization and enlightenment.
Stage designs.
A unique attention-getting form and building-front expression called billboard architecture.

Edo's waterfront as performance to post-earthquake water as scenery_Orishita Yoshinobu.
Hamacho Park
Sumida Park.
On the Mukojima side of the river, which was famous for the citytrees lining its bank.
Bridges remade. Today one can take water-bus to see “6 bridges of the Recovery”
Hijiribashi Bridge
Planting trees within the city

Daiei Building-front    waterside public space  
Murai Bank
Imperial Hemp Spinning company
planting around Edobashi bridge
surge of modernism in 1920s
Bridgeside plaza
contexualism

Street corner plazas.
For safety reasons, a section cut from the street corner to ensure visibility as intersections.
Four corners cut to create a plaza-like space
Jushi Elementary School
The replanning of Tokyo, said to be based on Haussmann’s plans for paris, removes fort and widen street.
Ende and bockmann’s baroque plans unrealized.
Nihon-kan near wasedar university
The appearance of station plazas
Ueno station plaza-like two-level system
\ elevated intelligence

Vest-Pocket Parks as social centers.
Next to elementary schools
emergency evacuation centers
30-40% wood and flower
Introduced from US, Ishihara Kenji said that….
Chicago
traditional alley-ways as playgrounds, after earthquake government had a hard time persuading to torn them down.
No standard
genuine skill in planning
free plaza-like
due to the effect of inoshita kiyoshi, chief of tokyo parks deparatment
locals formed community as’ friend of park” patrollin, guiding child.
Yushima elementary school

Urban style apartment houses.

Conclusion:

Afterward
1985/86 tokyo boom
office space skyscrapers

landfill, longslumbering, coastal zone.

1.The end and the Beginning

Sep 1 1923 noon, the earthquake strucke
more people were killed from drowning/fires than collapses of buildings.
Akutagawa Ryunosuke___Honjo(本所，ほんじょ墨田、すみだ＿
70 years after the arrival of commodore Perry(Opening of Japan)
15 years after the resignation of last Edo shogun

Imperial Hotel survived due to chance

in 15 wards, one in high city untouched

xenophobia turned to Koreans

rumours Koreans posioning wells

symbols destories
the old 新橋 station 凌雲閣　(which survived 1984)]
great loos was the Low City

Eddoko: ex. 谷崎 潤一郎じゅんいちろ　たにざき　did not like Edokko ,
descrbing them as weak. complaing, ineffectual

Edo wasa not a commercial center ,but more of a fabricated city/
did not file in 15 wards;as the maxim goes
Edo as far as kaneyasu

more huts in back alley burn regularly and was called “ flower of Edo”

destruction calls for new constructions

liberatio of from old fears:
Kotsukappara, a temple to solace estimated 100,000 people killed.
and

beacise 平安時代,Heian period, when shining genji did everything with everyone having good tast.
Edo and Heian must be similar when cultivation was abundant but also conservative.

best nights were in kabuki theater

a sacricity of wheels
boats and palanquins , but only draymen use wheels

from 1842_, ladies were banned as having wanton influence

half of low city was destroyed in 1855.
great fires in 1858
one fires destroyed yoshiwara
nationawhile cholera in 1858 laid to the presence of an americn warship in nagasaki

rice riots autumn of 1866

from 1862, relaxation as Mori of Nagato , most anti-shogun clans went back with Edo mansion dismantled

Wide unemployment ensured low ranks of military

1863 ,shogun went to Kyoto.

2.Civilization and enlightenment
15th last shogun returned to Edo in 1868 and left
linguisti curiosity , however only foreigners still called it Edo.
Meiji armies came

Nara and Kyoto were built on rural lands, but Tokyo was different.

Emeperor returend to Kyoto and back in Tokyo , did not anounce abandoning Kyoto so old captial went on expecting untl 1871
\
Tokyo never become as large as Musashi 武蔵国.
tama 多摩　boundary between tokyo and kanagawa神奈川
BOnin and Iwo islands were party of toko

Tokyo was one of 3 fu .other tow being osaka and kyoto
later tokyo became to , being the only one without mayor

from 1889, city council was elected’

by the end of meiji , not fra from two miilion people

Foreigners:
formal opening of Edo _1862
Isolation Navy MEadow
Tsukiji legations
access became free
Kags estate
= present Hongo of Tokyo unviersity
・築地 Tsukiji was not popular in foreigners

Hoterukan build by Shimizu Kisuke

New Shimbara 1869
YOshiwara system teahouses as apointment stations]

Descripition of Tsukiji from Kitahara Hakushu and Tanizaki JUnichiro
北原北原白秋

at the end of 19th century, tsukiji lose speciality due to revision of treaties

After restoration the city become wheeling

horse trolley 1883

firest tracks by a private company 1903
richsha withdrew to suburbs
3 companies of trolleys
1911 city bought system
the confusion of companies were in “A song in Fukagawa” 1908

fares, most passengeer smerchants and speculators
E S Morse middens of Omori, birthplace of Japanese archeology

Tokyuo-yokohama line first segment of the Tokaido line 1889

fief Tatsuno Edon , Shimbashi station.
vendetta accomplished to commit suicide

railroad also brought opposition , strongest in the bureaucracy, for army reasons

oppositions for telegraphy were greater, associating with black magi c of Christians and human sacrifice.

Meiji printers depicting railroads quite exaggerating

小林清親　kiyochika had a knack for catching moods and tones

outer moats through Meiji Period, Tameike reservoir
became a swapmp in late meiji, disappeared in Taisho

pleasure-boating almost disappeared but a single funayada 船宿 provied elegant boating for an excursion to the Yoshiwara.

Kaoru Osanai (小山内 薫　　published an auto-biographical novel Okawabata, Bank of the Big River. referring to Sumida.
Edokko manque.
\
flood of Meiji Great Meiji Flood. 1910 submerged whole N part of Low CIty.

Kafu Nagai Kafū Nagai (永井 荷風　concluded that Meiji Flood and Yoshihara Fire ended Edo.

of all meiji fires, Ginza fire of 1872 made the new Ginza
it was cramped and narrow. between outer moats and a bay shore

the beginning of Ginza as a thriving center of commerce and pleasure came after the fire.

E S Morse, the American zoologist great connoisseur of fires and firefighting methods.
noted that firement were to prevent spreading rahter than putting fries out

kafu nagai lamented the lack of fires/hinomi火の見 in Taisho as did his diciple, Kubota Mantaro

first western buildings such as britihs legation were not fireproos/.

Conder, architect born in `1852 came to Japan in 1877, taught at College of Tech and later/
highly eclectic successful teacher
Rokumeikan鹿鳴館　　became peers club and became a insurance company site.
Mitsui Club in Mita near Keio university
Mitsubishi Londontown Itcho rondon

Kubota Mantaro wrote about 12 storeys
the pleasure of knowing Asakusa and its temple
first elevator

the Nihombashi main street passed fish market.
to the west bankof Japan
Tokyo central station and Daiei building originally Imperial Hem
All by Tatsuno Kingo (辰野 金吾?

Another Meji revolution_ dark medieval corners dispelled
Tanizaki wrote on it
Edo had kerosene lamp, and a meiji entrepreneur proposed lamps in Yoshiwara.

street patterns_still like edo
narrow streets 1-storey house with private park

greenest of large cities

in higher edu
western part of kanda

1878, 15 wards established

3 The double life

Hasegawa wrote of the sudden change of her mother
hairstyles, tooth
jangiri, cropped heads
pompadour bazai
high-collar
house number began from Meiji
japense calling card from europe in 1862

rokumeikan soirees parties

shoes became popular

General Grant

Shops:
mitsukoshi mitsui shirokiya

Saitō Masaru (斎藤 賢, January 24, 1868 - April 13, 1904), better known by his pen name Saitō Ryokuu (斎藤 緑雨)
Ueno is for the eye, Asakusa is for the mouth..Ueno is the work not yet finished., Asakusa the shakening off tomorrow’s work.

5 parks
Battle of ueno Boshin war (戊辰戦争
Later that year Ueno Park was established, alongside Shiba, Asakusa, Asukayama, and Fukugawa Parks

Hibiya Park central of city
parade goround
advice of German in rebuilding after buring in 1872

Important shrines some of them not very different from parks
shokonsha Kudan_______Yasukuni Jinja

nature friendly
plum blossom
cherry blossom
peach pear

shinobazu pond
glories .lotuses irises

a famous lotus-vieing pond , tameike pond in akasa lost in meiji

eastern suburbs were 7 grasses of autm
chrsanthemum

Bird Fair
Tori no Ichi

‘Kanda festival two gods
one is genral Taira Masakado who tried to become emperor
degradement of Masakado

4 The decay of the decadent

Kabuki 新富座
he Morita-za (森田座・守田座), also known later as the Shintomi-za (新富座), was one of the major Kabuki theaters in Edo (modern-day Tokyo) during the Edo period and into the beginning of the 20th century.
Kanya introduced bright lights, vening perfomrance

Effort to make kabuki socially acceptable

Yose , vaudeville寄席

寄席（よせ）とは、日本の都市において落語・浪曲・講談・漫才・手品などの技芸（演芸）を観客に見せるため席亭（興行主）が経営する常設の興行小屋である
sanyutei encho,三遊亭圓朝／ Rakugo (落語 performer

Asakusa Kannon vast emporium for performing arts

Ochanomizu the murder of Kono　　murders played at drama

Women parlor varieties
pleasure quarters
musumegidayu

street minstrel
eankashi

baseball

geisha
elegant word for demimonde Karyukai
gay quarters
HIKITEJAya 引手茶屋.
karizashiki

Chapter 5 Low city, High city
京橋、銀座,most hospitable to foreighn influences.
Ginza_ lest chic
Nihombashi coziest fishmarket Suitengu Shirne of Water God most popular.
Hamacho geisha quarter
Mitsui bank first national bank otorn down, Bank of Japan set up
miyuki-dori
fire opening ot rail-road
Seiko founder , born in Ginza
Shiseido, largest western cosmetics manufacturer start in Ginza after the great fire
two fugetsudo
July 4 1899 end of unequal treaties, opening of first beer hall,
first man social club 1880 Kojunsha

hitotsubashi university found by Mori Arinori

Yokohama Mainichi firstr =newspaper Tokyo mainichi 1906
Asahi_ Mainichi

romantic murders

Gimbura beneath neo light

Asakusa changed
but still carpe-diem

Shitaya Kanda , part low part high

Honjo corpses’
victim of pullution
great Flood of 1910

福川
石川島

Shiba industry
Kyokan ,most favored restruant

Shimbashi geisha district
Yanagibashi
\

emabassies

Imperail theater Akasa Palace

High city sparsely populated in Edo ,largely emptied by restoration.
high ranks titles mansioins
low rancks politicans, entrpreneurs, murders.

Roka Tokutomi (徳冨 蘆花),

High city Yotsuya ward
Asakasa Kojimachi

maeda estate in honggo became imperial university
mid-meiji but traced back to study of foreingns.

Natusme soseki’s sanshiro about student life of late meiji
夏目 漱石
三四郎

Hatamoto

A hatamoto (旗本)

migration westward

military origins of Roppongi
Shibuya for military revelry

the difference of culture capital/cental

6 The taisho look/.

july 20 1912 kawabiraki opening of sumida

death of emperor coma of uremia
From the temples poured great clouds of smoke, exorcism.
Death of Meiji July 29 1912
suicide of nogi
plain history , ill imperor

!920 Philip Terry warned there was no night life in Tokyo
]

Gimbura
willows replaced with gingkos
moba/moga moderen boys/girls

Boundary Spaces

Space made up of transitory units, each as a bridge between foreground and interior, and space like a link of chain.  Endless fluidity.

1.The earthen floor/ tataki/ tatakitsuchi/
echoing hoofbeats: the doma of the egawa house
why the use of earth is significant
bittern in the tataki salt in the sumo ring
The types of floors in Japanese houses: northern pit house: tateanan Jukyo and southern raised-floor house (takayuka Jukyo) . Ground-level house wooden floors for elites in the shindenzukuri-style dwellings. Tatami mats associated with shoinzukuri style of residents in samurai houses of early modern period.
Unfloored entryway in Japan and West
Ambivalent surfaces of doma in nature/artifice,cold/warm

2.The entrance sill/ agarikamachi
What is a Kamachi